Publication: Financiarización, cadenas globales de valor e inversión extranjera en la producción de etanol en Brasil a partir de la liberalización de la agroindustria: una interpretación marxista del período de 1990 a 2010
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2017-01-09
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Universidad Complutense de Madrid
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Abstract
La temática abordada en esta tesis es la participación del capital extranjero en la producción de etanol (alcohol carburante) en Brasil. El recorte temporal elegido parte del inicio de la implementación abierta del recetario neoliberal en el país, para terminar en el 2010, momento en que los impactos más profundos de la crisis global empezaron a sentirse en el gigante sudamericano. El etanol de caña de azúcar se encuentra en el cruce de varias dimensiones críticas para las formaciones sociales contemporáneas. Por un lado, es un bien energético, en un contexto mundial de gran volatilidad del suministro de combustibles líquidos de origen fósil. Como tal, además, se presenta como alternativa más limpia en términos medioambientales, respecto a los derivados de petróleo. Por fin, su origen agrario le pone en relación directa con la cuestión del uso de la tierra, preocupaciones por la soberanía alimentaria y el empleo rural. La liberalización supuso una ruptura histórica del patrón de actuación del Estado en la agroindustria de caña de azúcar en Brasil. Esa retracción supuso el consiguiente ímpetu para la centralización de capitales, y, a partir del establecimiento de una larga coyuntura de elevación de precios del petróleo, implicó una entrada inédita de capital extranjero en esa actividad. La perspectiva que adoptamos para la investigación se inscribe en la tradición sistémica, dialéctica e histórica. Eso implicó reconstruir un marco holístico que llegara al nivel de concreción de cadenas productivas. Se han reinterpretado los avances teóricos en el campo conocido como “cadenas productivas globales”, rescatando su origen en la escuela de los sistemas-mundo, y volviendo a reforzar la centralidad de seguir el valor a lo largo de una cadena productiva mercantil: los flujos de valor o las transacciones entre sus nodos componentes, y el movimiento del valor-capital, o de concentración, centralización y formas de propiedad de los capitales individuales que componen los distintos nodos desde la financiación hasta el consumo final de este carburante...
The topic addressed in this thesis is the participation of foreign capital in the production of fuel ethanol in Brazil. The period chosen begins with the transition to the open implementation of neoliberal recipes in the country, ending up in 2010, when the most profound impacts of the global crisis began to be felt in the South American giant. Sugarcane ethanol is at the crossroads of several critical dimensions of contemporary social formations. It is an energy commodity in a global context of highly volatile supply of liquid fossil fuels. As such, it also appears as cleaner alternative, in environmental terms, compared to petroleum derivatives. Finally, its agricultural origin puts ethanol in direct relation to the issues of land use, rural employment and food sovereignty concerns. Liberalization marked a historical break of the Brazilian State's pattern of action towards sugarcane industry. This retraction meant further impetus to the centralization of capital, a process that, combined with the establishment of a long conjuncture of higher oil prices, spurred an unprecedented inflow of foreign capital in this activity. In this context, the perspective adopted for this study is part of the systemic, dialectical and historical tradition. For the purposes of this work, that meant rebuilding a holistic framework that reached the level of concreteness of commodity chains. We have reinterpreted the theoretical advances in the field known as "global value chains", rescuing its origins in the school of world-systems, and reinforcing back the centrality of following the value along such a chain: value flows or transactions between participant nodes, and the movement of capital-value, of individual capitals that make up the different nodes from financing until the final consumption of this fuel...
The topic addressed in this thesis is the participation of foreign capital in the production of fuel ethanol in Brazil. The period chosen begins with the transition to the open implementation of neoliberal recipes in the country, ending up in 2010, when the most profound impacts of the global crisis began to be felt in the South American giant. Sugarcane ethanol is at the crossroads of several critical dimensions of contemporary social formations. It is an energy commodity in a global context of highly volatile supply of liquid fossil fuels. As such, it also appears as cleaner alternative, in environmental terms, compared to petroleum derivatives. Finally, its agricultural origin puts ethanol in direct relation to the issues of land use, rural employment and food sovereignty concerns. Liberalization marked a historical break of the Brazilian State's pattern of action towards sugarcane industry. This retraction meant further impetus to the centralization of capital, a process that, combined with the establishment of a long conjuncture of higher oil prices, spurred an unprecedented inflow of foreign capital in this activity. In this context, the perspective adopted for this study is part of the systemic, dialectical and historical tradition. For the purposes of this work, that meant rebuilding a holistic framework that reached the level of concreteness of commodity chains. We have reinterpreted the theoretical advances in the field known as "global value chains", rescuing its origins in the school of world-systems, and reinforcing back the centrality of following the value along such a chain: value flows or transactions between participant nodes, and the movement of capital-value, of individual capitals that make up the different nodes from financing until the final consumption of this fuel...
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Tesis inédita de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales, Departamento de Economía Aplicada I (Economía Internacional y Desarrollo), leída el 17-12-2016